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De verborum significatu
''De verborum significatu'' (literal English translation: ''On the meaning of words''),〔〔 sometimes called ''The Lexicon of Festus'',〔 is an encyclopedic epitome of the works of Verrius Flaccus compiled, edited, and annotated by Sextus Pompeius Festus typically dated to the second century C.E.〔
==Background==
Verrius Flaccus (c. 55 BCE - c. 20 CE) was a prominent Roman grammarian known for his writings on the Latin language and for tutoring the grandsons of Caesar Augustus during his reign.〔〔 He is best known for ''De verborum significatu'', the name which Festus later adopted for his epitome, the first major alphabetical Latin dictionary.〔〔 The 40-volume lexicon is regarded as among the most important such works of Classical Antiquity, though all but a few fragments of the original have been lost, perhaps in part due to its impractical size.〔〔〔〔
Sextus Pompeius Festus, also a grammarian, likely flourished in the later 2nd century CE and is thought to have come from Narbo in Gaul, though few details are known about his life.〔〔 Festus wrote his epitome of Flaccus's works during a time in the history of the Roman Empire when greater priority was placed on defense after a long period of expansion. There was an anxious effort by many scholars to record their history and culture as means of preservation.〔〔 Though another of Festus's books is mentioned in ''De verborum significatu'', none of his other works have survived.〔
Festus's work originally contained 20 volumes.〔 The only surviving copy is the ''Codex Farnesianus'', an 11th-century copy in poor condition, missing the first half of its alphabetized entries and suffering fire damage.〔〔 Much of what we know about it comes a summary of the full original, abridged in the 8th century by Paul the Deacon (Paulus Diaconus) as a contribution to the library of Charlemagne.〔 As Festus reduced Flaccus from 40 to 20 volumes, so did Paul condense Festus by roughly half, excising entries he considered unnecessary or redundant, modifying parts of the text he thought unclear or obscure, and stripping away details like citations.〔〔
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